Demon Machine Finally Invented

David Leigh at Edinburgh University has managed to make a molecular machine inspired by "Maxwell's demon" — a thought experiment that defies the second law of thermodynamics.

Leigh's molecular machine can, he says, drive a chemical system away from equilibrium. According to the second law of thermodynamics — that a system tends towards equilibrium — this shouldn't happen.

The Demon created by jack Kirby but © DC Comics

Fortunately, Leigh's device doesn't completely blow away the laws of physics: he needs to add energy to the system by shining light on it to make it work. The added energy explains how the system can move away from equilibrium.

James Clerk Maxwell came up with his thought experiment in 1867. In it, a demon guards a door between two rooms filled with gas. Using its sprightly demonic powers, the creature could open the door when he spotted a particularly fast-moving molecule coming his way. The molecule could then pass into a room, which would become progressively hotter. Likewise, the demon could allow particularly slow-moving molecules to pass out of the warmer room and into the cooler one. By doing so, he creates a growing temperature difference, and therefore, potential energy in the system, without having expended any energy to do it (assuming our magic demon doesn't eat).

In the real world, researchers have made little devices that might be used to make a demon-like machine. One of these is a ring-shaped molecule, which is slotted onto a tiny molecular axle. The ring can move along the axle between two different sites, A and B. If left to its own devices, the normal, random movement of molecules will shunt the ring back and forth. When there are many devices, at any given time, half of them should have a ring at one site, and half at the other.

Leigh's system uses these devices, but with a twist. The middle of his axle can change shape so that it blocks the ring from moving back and forth, but only when the ring is at position A, and only when light is shone on it. If a light is shone on a number of such machines, the rings at position A will get stuck. And as time goes on, many of the rings at position B will shunt over and also get stuck at position A. From Nature.com News

Where To Find Life On Mars

Art © estate of Reed Crandell

Probes designed to find life on Mars do not drill deep enough to find the living cells that scientists believe may exist well below the surface of Mars. Although current drills may find essential tell-tale signs that life once existed on Mars, cellular life could not survive the radiation levels for long enough any closer to the surface of Mars than a few metres deep – beyond the reach of even state-of-the-art drills.

"It just isn’t plausible that dormant life is still surviving in the near-subsurface of Mars – within the first couple of metres below the surface – in the face of the ionizing radiation field. Finding life on Mars depends on liquid water surfacing on Mars, but the last time liquid water was widespread on Mars was billions of years ago. Even the hardiest cells we know of could not possibly survive the cosmic radiation levels near the surface of Mars for that long."

The best places to look for living cells on Mars would be within the ice at Elysium because the frozen sea is relatively recent – it is believed to have surfaced in the last five million years – and so has been exposed to radiation for a relatively short amount of time. link

Modelling the surface and subsurface Martian radiation environment: Implications for astrobiology. 2007. L. R. Dartnell et al. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS: 34

Happy National Gorilla Suit Day!

What better way to celebrate NGSD than with Elvis Costello singing "Monkey to Man", complete with gorilla suits and go-go dancing bikini girls:

Welcome to the New Atomic Surgery Site

Art © Estate of Rick Griffin

Thanks for visiting the new site--please update your links!

Born This Day: Lewis Carrol

The looking glass

Lewis Carroll (Jan. 27, 1832 – Jan. 14, 1898) was the pen name of(Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), an English logician, mathematician, photographer, and novelist, who wrote Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel.

After graduating from Christ Church College, Oxford in 1854, Dodgson remained there, lecturing on mathematics and writing treatises until 1881. As a mathematician, Dodgson was conservative. He was the author of a fair number of mathematics books, e.g "A Syllabus of Plane Algebraical Geometry" (1860). As a logician, he was more interested in logic as a game than as an instrument for testing reason. link

The Cheshire Cat


Advice From A Caterpiller


The Walrus And The Carpenter All art © Dean Motter (1975)

The drawings of Alice are from the 1975 portfolio, “Alice.Alice..Alice…By Dean Motter—wonderland in ten regions”, published by Iconoclast Imageworks and distributed by the fondly remembered Bakka Book Stores in Toronto.

I stumbled across this tucked into the upper shelf of a now long-gone book store before Motter had started to make his mark in the comic book field.

Air Force Unveils New Ray Gun

Mars Attacks! © Current Copyright Holder

The ray gun shoots a beam that makes people feel as if they are about to catch fire. Apart from causing that terrifying sensation, the technology is supposed to be harmless — a non-lethal way to get enemies to drop their weapons.

Anyone hit by the beam immediately jumped out of its path because of the sudden blast of heat throughout the body. While the 130-degree heat was not painful, it was intense enough to make the participants think their clothes were about to ignite.

Beauty Blaze & Polar Man © DC Comics

The system uses electromagnetic millimeter waves, which can penetrate only 1/64th of an inch of skin, just enough to cause discomfort. By comparison, microwaves used in the common kitchen appliance penetrate several inches of flesh. Link from Live Science

Stan Ridgeway's "Ring of Fire":

Born This Day: Discoverer of Krypton

Morris William Travers (Jan 24, 1872–Aug 25, 1961), was an English chemist who, while working with Sir Willam Ramsay in London, discovered the element krypton (30 May 1898). The name derives from the Greek word for "hidden."



It was a fraction separated from liquified air, which when placed in a Plücker tube connected to an induction coil yielded a spectrum with a bright yellow line with a greener tint than the known helium line and a brilliant green line that corresponded to nothing seen before. link

To make a long story short, after Phantom Girl finds an ancient tablet at an archaeological project on a little island in the Atlantic Ocean in the 30th century, the LSH split into two teams & set off in Time Bubbles to Earth & Krypton's “remote past” to investigate “The War Between Krypton and Earth”.



As it turns out a group of Kryptonian scientists set up shop on Earth because they were persecuted back home.



Too bad the uninhabited Earth had already been colonized by the Vruunians who had established a town called Atlantis. After the "Civil War of the Legion" that saw the two teams taking sides with their new friends, came this inevitable ending after Brainiac 5 uses "artifical evolution" to turn the Atlanteans into mermen:

LSH & Superboy © DC Comics