Preventing The Next Ice Age

Strange Adventures #79 (April 1957) © DC Comics

Powerful simulations on the world's most advanced computer climate models lend strong support to the radical idea that human-induced climate change began not 200 years ago, but thousands of years ago with the onset of large-scale agriculture in Asia and extensive deforestation in Europe.

What's more, according to the same computer simulations, the cumulative effect of thousands of years of human influence on climate is preventing the world from entering a new glacial age, altering a clockwork rhythm of periodic cooling of the planet that extends back more than a million years.

Using climatic archives such as 850,000-year-old ice core records from Antarctica, scientists are teasing out evidence of past greenhouse gases in the form of fossil air trapped in the ice. That ancient air, say Vavrus and Kutzbach, contains the unmistakable signature of increased levels of atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide beginning thousands of years before the industrial age.

"Between 5,000 and 8,000 years ago, both methane and carbon dioxide started an upward trend, unlike during previous interglacial periods," explains Kutzbach. Indeed, Ruddiman has shown that during the latter stages of six previous interglacials, greenhouse gases trended downward, not upward. Thus, the accumulation of greenhouse gases over the past few thousands of years, the Wisconsin-Virginia team argue, is very likely forestalling the onset of a new glacial cycle, such as have occurred at regular 100,000-year intervals during the last million years. Each glacial period has been paced by regular and predictable changes in the orbit of the Earth known as Milankovitch cycles, a mechanism thought to kick start glacial cycles.

"We're at a very favorable state right now for increased glaciation," says Kutzbach. "Nature is favoring it at this time in orbital cycles, and if humans weren't in the picture it would probably be happening today." Read the press release

WeirdWorld by Moench & Ploog

For Christmas a tale of Fantasy & Adventure:


© Marvel Comics

“Weirdworld was set in a dimension of magic not unlike Middle-earth from The Lord of the Rings. The protagonists were two elves: Tyndall and Velanna , both from the floating ring-shaped island of Klarn, and an irascible dwarf dubbed Mud-Butt (because he tended to land on his backside in a quarrel)." link

Weirdworld (later changed to “Warriors of The Shadow Rhelm”) was created by Doug Moench and Mike Ploog and first appeared in the black and white magazine Marvel Super Action #1 (January, 1976). This tale from Marvel Preimere #28 (1977) is the 2nd of 1st three tales illustrated by Ploog, and the only one inked by Alex Nino. The whiplash-inducing ending suggests that the creators had their original page count for the story chopped at the last minute.

Weirdworld kicked around a variety of Marvel titles between 1976 and 1982, and one of the swamp serpents even made a cameo in X-men First Class II (2008). The three part mini-series in Marvel Super Special, illustrated by John Buscema, was heralded at the time for its use of full color paintings throughout. Although Ploog and Nino have very different art styles, they mesh surprisingly well in this story. This is a series that would benefit from a good collection, with an added tale or two to finish up the story.

CLICK TO ENLARGE & READ THE ENTIRE STORY

Tim Perkins has a nice overview of the series and features some of his own unpublished “Weirdworld” art.

Lots of information about Weirdworld here.

Metal Men Facts #7

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From Metal Men #7, © DC Comics

1933: 1st Full-Length Animated Film Premieres

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In 1937, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Walt Disney's first full-length (83 minutes), animated film opened in Los Angeles, California. Using the story adapted from Brothers Grimms' Fairy Tales, it was the first commercially successful film of its kind.

Taking two years and $1.5 million to create, it was released for its premiere during Christmas of 1937. Disney had to mortgage his house to pay for the film's production. This followed within a span of just 12 years since the first black and white talking Mickey Mouse in Steamboat Willie (1928). link

From 1933, The Fleischer Bros. present Betty Boop's "Snow White" featuring Cab Calloway:

Jump-Starting Evolution

With the aid of a straightforward experiment, researchers have provided some clues to one of biology's most complex questions: how ancient organic molecules came together to form the basis of life.

Click to Enlarge

RNA, the single-stranded precursor to DNA, normally expands one nucleic base at a time, growing sequentially like a linked chain. The problem is that in the primordial world RNA molecules didn't have enzymes to catalyze this reaction, and while RNA growth can proceed naturally, the rate would be so slow the RNA could never get more than a few pieces long.

New research found that under favorable conditions (acidic environment and temperature lower than 70 C), pieces ranging from 10-24 in length could naturally fuse into larger fragments, generally within 14 hours.

The RNA fragments came together as double-stranded structures then joined at the ends. The fragments did not have to be the same size, but the efficiency of the reactions was dependent on fragment size (larger is better, though efficiency drops again after reaching around 100) and the similarity of the fragment sequences.

Thor © Marvel Comics

The researchers note that this spontaneous fusing, or ligation, would a simple way for RNA to overcome initial barriers to growth and reach a biologically important size; at around 100 bases long, RNA molecules can begin to fold into functional, 3D shapes. press release

Ref: Nonenzymatic RNA Ligation in Water. 2008. S. Pino, et al. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 36494-36503

Why Viking Lander/Mars? by Ray Bradbury

Art © Alex Nino


© Ray Bradbury
Click to enlarge & read

Originally presented in Star*Reach #6 (1976). Bradbury had read the then new poem at the 1976 San Diego Comic Con a week after the landing of Viking I on Mars. Shortly thereafter Alex Nino agreed to illustrate the poem for publisher Mike Friedrich.

Martian Carbonates Suggest Past Life on Mars

A research team has found evidence of a long-sought carbonates that shows Mars was home to a variety of watery environments, including regional pockets of neutral or alkaline water.

Recent observations from the Mars Phoenix lander has pointed to a period when clay-rich minerals were formed by water, followed by a drier time, when salt-rich, acidic water affected much of the planet. The presence of carbonates indicates that Mars had neutral to alkaline waters when the minerals formed in the midlatitude region more than 3.6 billion years ago.

“Primitive life would have liked it,” said Bethany Ehlmann, “It’s not too hot or too cold. It’s not too acidic. It's a ‘just right’ place.’

The carbonates showed up in the most detail in two-dozen images beamed back by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars, an instrument aboard the NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Scientists found the mineral near a trough system called Nili Fossae, which is 667 km long, at the edge of the Isidis impact basin. Carbonates were seen in a variety of terrains, including the sides of eroded mesas, sedimentary rocks within Jezero crater and rocks exposed on the sides of valleys in the crater’s watershed. The researchers also found traces of carbonates in Terra Tyrrhena and in Libya Montes.

The carbonates may have been formed by slightly heated groundwater percolating through fractures in olivine-rich rocks. Or, they may have been formed at the surface when olivine-rich rocks were exposed and altered by running water. Yet another theory is the carbonates precipitated in small, shallow lakes. Either way, such environments would have boded well for primitive life forms to emerge.

“We know there’s been water all over the place, but how frequently have the conditions been hospitable for life?” Mustard said. “We can say pretty confidently that when water was present in the places we looked at, it would have been a happy, pleasant environment for life.” press release

Ref: Orbital Identification of Carbonate-Bearing Rocks on Mars. 2008. Bethany L. Ehlmann, et al. Science 322: 1828 - 1832